These parameters provide information about the purchase. 125. ; For example, a customer adds 3 quantities of the. product_color to item. Learn about the Google Analytics 4 dimensions and metrics that appear in your reports, explorations, and in the audience and segment builders. Note: Item-scoped and event-scoped dimensions and metrics are incompatible with one another. You can also set up the custom dimensions in your eCommerce application using the item_catergory parameter. See Custom user properties to learn more about custom dimensions. You can also use custom metrics and dimensions as segments and secondary dimensions in standard reports. Item-scoped custom dimensions. Scope in Universal Analytics; 1. See full list on support. Choose “Create custom dimensions” and provide a dimension name, scope (event or user), and the exact name of the event used. This means dimensions (and custom dimensions) are additional data to add context (an additional dimension) to your reports. Item-scoped custom dimensions Setting up and configuring custom dimensions and metrics to collect data is a key part of harnessing the power of automated reporting . New Metrics: A/B testing ad revenue from variance_square computation. Now that we’ve revisited what these dimensions mean, let’s dig deeper into each of them. Examples of standard item-scoped dimensions include: Item name. The scope is like the rules of the game. This custom variable template is a great solution for migrating from the. Lack of. Note: Item-scoped and event-scoped dimensions and metrics are incompatible with one another. This set of dimensions is integral for conducting e-commerce analysis. User Properties: Type: OBJECT. When your property collects more data than the sampling limit for explorations, Analytics uses a sample of the available data in your explorations. User-scoped dimensions are dimensions that describe segments of your user base, such as their language preferences or geographic locations. If you want to map product-related data to item-scoped custom dimensions, map the utag data to a member of the item. myDimension array. If you use manual tagging and auto tagging together, then the source, medium, and other traffic-classification dimensions use the auto-tagged values. Click Create custom dimensions, and then select Item from the Scope drop-down menu. Item-Scoped Custom Dimension. Item-data import works by using the Item ID dimension as a key. GA4 has introduced new dimensions and metrics for ecommerce. Analytics. The following dimensions and metrics have been newly introduced: Item-Scoped Dimensions:PART I: Let’s start with some theory about dimensions. This addition closes key parity gaps with the Universal Analytics audience builder. The manually tagged values for utm_content and utm_term are used for the Manual Ad Content and Manual Term dimensions. The following dimensions and metrics are freshly introduced in the audience builder: Item-Scoped. Item scope dimensions will still be compatible with item scoped metrics like item revenue, user based metrics like active users, and session based metrics like sessions. GA4 - Item Scoped Custom Dimensions Via GTM GA4 Event Tag? 1 Listening for a JS event implemented via GTM and tracking it in GA4. The event scope provides informDo not upload a file that includes duplicate keys. Before diving into custom dimensions, you might want to understand more about custom. The Ecommerce purchases report includes item-scoped dimensions and metrics that let you see how well each item is performing. User-scoped properties: GA4 uses user-scoped properties to track engagement over time and create remarketing audiences. But I'm not sure if such custom dimensions can be sent with a product orientated event yet (e. Less Control. 0 Discrepancy between UI and API for transactions/purchase events for GA4. Event-scoped custom dimensions per property: 50: 125: Event-scoped custom metrics per property: 50: 125: User-scoped custom dimensions per property: 25: 100: Item-scoped custom dimensions per property: 10: 25: Calculated metric. Item brand. Defined based on a custom event parameter. Examples of standard item-scoped dimensions include: Item name. Create dimensions and metrics from event parameters and user properties so you can easily access data in reports and explorationsCustom dimensions and metrics are like default dimensions and metrics,Depending on the scope, you can create the following number of custom dimensions: Event – 50. 50. Learn all about GA4 (Google Analytics 4) Dimensions. Discover the different types of ecommerce metrics and how you can use the different types to see your ecommerce dataGoogle Analytics offers two types of ecommerce. If you need help with setting up Ga4 choose our implementation and configuration of Google Analytics 4 service! Tomek, our SEM Specialist, will make. 125. Out of these, you can register 10 (free version of GA4) or 25 (enterprise version) as Item-scoped Custom Dimensions in the Google Analytics 4 user interface. In addition to the. With the introduction of User and Event Parameters as simple key-value pairs in Google Analytics 4’s data collection, Google has. Repeat these steps to create the other two dimensions in this guide (post_type and post_author). Item scoped parameters added to ga4 export schema. Custom metrics. getMetadata method returns Custom dimensions and metrics available for the specified GA4 property ID, as well as Universal metadata. On the 10th of Jan 2023, they introduced new ecommerce dimensions and metrics, and it sounds harmless enough, they’ve introduced a new bunch of ecommerce dimensions and metrics. Any time you use an item. User-scoped custom dimensions: 25: Yes: Event-scoped custom dimensions: 50: Yes: Event-scoped custom metrics: 50: Yes: Registered custom conversion events: 30: Yes: Data retention: Up to 14 months: N/A:. An event-scoped custom dimension is the GA4 custom dimension whose value is calculated and sent for each event. Analyze an attribute about an event, such as the value of the event or whether the intended action was completed successfully. Session → 3. Schema key: lists the key dimensions or metrics. Analyze an attribute about an event, such as the value of the event or whether the intended action was completed successfully. This is only partially right. Note: Item-scoped and event-scoped dimensions and metrics are incompatible with one another. Update #2: Google had previously mentioned that session-scoped custom dimensions. The most important custom dimensions and metrics for GA360 BigQuery export, for different scopes like user, session, hit and product. Create dimensions and metrics from event parameters and user properties so you can easily access data in reports and explorationsCustom dimensions and metrics are. Analyze an attribute about a product or service sold on your online store. The user properties to send to Google Analytics 4. Chose your created event parameter in the dropdown. • User Scoped Custom Dimensions track information about the user, such as user ID, age, gender, and location. Step-3: Click on the three dots menu next to the user property (aka user-scoped custom dimension) you want to delete: Step-4: Click on the ‘ Archive ‘ option:How to Properly Configure Custom Dimensions in Google Analytics 4. Create dimensions and metrics from event parameters and user properties so you can easily access data in reports and explorationsCustom dimensions andIn this article, you’ll learn about the three types of scope in GA4, including their traffic source dimensions and available metrics. When the same parameter appears twiceItem-data import is used to widen item-scoped metadata within ecommerce events. Create dimensions and metrics from event parameters and user properties so you can easily access data in reports and explorationsCustom dimensions andGA4 - Item Scoped Custom Dimensions Via GTM GA4 Event Tag? 0 How to track Google chrome extension (UA-XXXX) with GA4 ID. How Google Analytics is organized Create an organization Switch between accounts and properties Structure your Analytics account Edit / delete accounts, properties, and data streams Move a property Delete / restore accounts and properties Access and data-restriction management Add, edit, and delete users and user groups Universal Analytics. Defined based on a custom event parameter within an items array. product_color. It's no longer just the property id visible in the property list, unfortunately. In order to set up the scope of the custom dimensions in GA4, you can use the item parameters. Analyze an attribute about a product or service sold on your online store. Any time you use an item-scoped. In October 2020, Analytics replaced Custom-parameter reporting with Event-scoped custom dimensions and metrics reporting. So, how do you add custom dimensions in Google Analytics? It depends a bit on which type of dimension you’re creating (event-scoped, user-scoped, or item-scoped). Event-scoped dimensions—Ever wondered about the spark that lights up a conversion? Meet your "Event Investigators. Event. You can send one or more item IDs with your events. com Create an item-scoped custom dimension. 2. The value of a user-scoped dimension should change very rarely. You can solve partial compatibility issues by using the EEC products to GA4 items custom variable template. UA Product Type – > GA4 Item-scoped type While Google Analytics 4 does collect sessions, it primarily has an event-based measurement model . Defined based on a custom event parameter. To check your quota, in Google Analytics 4 go to Admin / Custom definitions and click Quota information. User-scoped traffic dimensions in GA4 come with the prefix ‘First user’ and show you where the users came from the first time. Item Scoped eCommerce Custom Dimensions in GA4 . Item-data import can bring your entire product catalog into Analytics, letting you measure uWorkarounds. Step 2:. Load 3 more related questions Show fewer related questions. item fields. This establishes the hierarchy of these as 1. In October 2020, Analytics replaced Custom-parameter reporting with Event-scoped custom dimensions and metrics reporting. Event scope: Tracks the dimension or metric with each hit (pageview, event, etc. All custom metrics – 50. These analyses are based on custom event parameters defined to provide specific data insights, such as transaction value for instance. ; An item-scoped metric counts the number of times users interacted with items in an ecommerce event. For example, you can analyze the color, size, rating, or status of a product. 50. Make sure you're using the correct measurement id. In the row for an event or user-scoped custom definition, click . Discover the different types of ecommerce metrics and how you can use the different types to see your ecommerce dataGoogle Analytics offers two types of ecommerce. These include: A new. Note: In GA4, hit scope is referred to as. The guide is aimed at Google Tag Manager users and has been designed to complement the official documentation. New Google Analytics item-scoped custom dimensions For standard. Charles Farina found out that a lot of GA4 Reporting API limits have received big boosts. If you only need one dimension or metric, look at the -- comments in the example query and copy the part you need from. I've done quite a lot of searches on Google, and everyone says something different ("use config", "use set", "don't use set it's bugged. Recommended Events for eCommerce Website. Ecommerce advertisers and. You must set up ecommerce events to populate ecommerce metrics. For more information on the difference of scope between the two versions,. You must set up ecommerce events to populate ecommerce metrics. The currency the product or service is sold in. As far as I can tell, I need to create a new GA4 event that fires on every pageview and send the dataLayer value as an event. Currency of the items associated with the event, in 3-letter ISO 4217 format. With the help of unnest and parse for dates or timestamps we can do the trick. Defined based on a custom event parameter. Of these 27 custom item parameters, you can configure: 10 item-scoped custom dimensions for standard properties; 25 item-scoped custom dimensions for Analytics 360 properties; Make. Currently I have some parameters which are meant to be item scoped dimensions. You can use the Analytics URL builders to construct your URLs. For some parameters, GA4 gives you the ability to define them at both the Event level and Item level. For example, you can define a Music preference user-scoped dimension that describes each user's music preferences. Choose “Create custom dimensions” and provide a dimension name, scope (event or user), and the exact name of the event used. Analyze an attribute about a product or service sold on your online store. If only ‘standard’ ecommerce is measured: use the hits. Google Analytics provides event-scoped and item-scoped metrics to help you measure interactions with products or services on your website or app. Item-scoped custom dimensions. It’s also the most misunderstood report. Now, I've tried a lot of things, currently using config: window. The following are the general syntax for Custom Dimensions. 25 per property. The following are the general syntax for Custom Dimensions. This example query contains all following Google Analytics enhanced ecommerce products dimensions and metrics. Is it possible to get this data after the changes?Learn about the Google Analytics 4 dimensions and metrics that appear in your reports, explorations, and in the audience and segment builders. For example, you can analyze the color, size, rating, or status of a product. You must set up ecommerce events to populate ecommerce metrics. It's no longer just the property id visible in the property list, unfortunately. On the following screen, click Done and note the Index number on. To create a mapping, you need to provide the index number of the custom dimension or metric (e. items (to get the item scoped. The custom dimension shows up with the proper value set. Many users of Universal Analytics would describe this as the same last non-direct attribution report they used to use. A/B testing experiment last updated timestamp in msec. Key changes to Google Analytics 4. Traffic-source dimensions provide information about where your traffic originates from, the methods by which users arrive on your website or app, and the specific marketing efforts you use to drive thGA4 Simplifies Data Flow with Custom Dimensions & Parameters. Analyze an attribute about an event, such as the value of the event or whether the intended action was completed successfully. All my other parameters are being pushed through GTM under the 'Google Analytics: GA4 Event' Tag Type. To set up a Custom Metric in GA4, follow the steps below: (the ‘gear’ icon in the bottom-left corner) In the “Property” column, click on (circled in red in the screenshot below) 4. Event Label: catalog. 1. I pass the custom dimension to Google Tag Manager via the data layer. Item brand. currency (for the currency), ecommerce. 50. You must create user-scoped dimensions to ensure custom properties are picked up by Google. And a custom metric always has an event scope. When you want to track a specific event and send it to. If you take a look at the developer guide, you’ll notice five optional properties in the “items” node of the eCommerce schema: “item_category,” “item_category2,”. What is a dimension? 1. How Google Analytics is organized Create an organization Switch between accounts and properties Structure your Analytics account Edit / delete accounts, properties, and data streams Move a property Delete / restore accounts and properties Access and data-restriction management Add, edit, and delete users and user groups Universal. Setting path: Admin > Property > Custom definitions. Set the User property to membership_level. Hey all, I am assuming the answer is yes, but just wanted to check if anyone was already setting it up. Meaning in GA4 we find news dimensions and metrics such as “first user touch”, which is focused on only new user acquisitions, and “session-driven” which is. There are three types of custom dimensions in GA4 that you can use to collect data about your customers. User-scoped custom dimensions. an item ID that could be any of over 500 unique item ID numbers). Item-scoped custom dimensions. In addition to the. 125. This report shows you the first traffic source of each individual session. Defined based on a custom event parameter within an items array. Traffic-source dimensions provide information about where your traffic originates from, the methods by which users arrive on your website or app, and the specific marketing efforts you use to drive thWe have GA4 Enhanced Ecommerce working via GTM on our website. Google Analytics provides event-scoped and item-scoped metrics to help you measure interactions with products or services on your website or app. And a custom metric. GA's real-time reports don't include all dimensions, especially if those dimensions are involved in advanced metrics/dimensions calculations. However if we send a custom event like this: gtag ('event', 'CUSTOM_EVENT', { event_category: 'data', event_label: 'data', event_value: 'data') When we filter the data. [GA4] Custom dimensions and metrics; 3 of 19 [GA4] Archive dimensions and metrics; 4 of 19 [GA4] Collect data about. Which scope do they have: User, Event (and later: Session & Item) Is it a numeric value where calculations would make sense? Make it a metric! Involve your colleagues! Other departments might have some input - especially given that this data is likely leaving GA at some point and being piped into your data hub. Value: Type: NUMBER. In the row for an event or user-scoped custom definition, click . Step-3: Click on the three dots menu next to the user property (aka user-scoped custom dimension) you want to delete: Step-4: Click on the ‘ Archive ‘ option: When you upgraded to GA360, your quota was extended to 200 custom dimensions and 200 custom metrics. There are 3 new dimensions: Item affiliation; Item variant; Shipping tier; Shipping tier is event-scoped and associated with an online shopping event, like a purchase event. 1. The GA4 audience builder now supports the creation of audiences via new dimensions and metrics. Item-scoped custom dimensions. 50. Event-Scoped Custom Dimension 3. As a note, in GA4 they will be called Item Scoped instead of Product Scoped. So let’s look into these scopes for GA4 custom dimensions. You don’t need to manually. So keep this in mind when implementing them. Let's start with the good news: custom item-scoped parameters (custom dimensions for your ecommerce products) are finally available in the GA4 BigQuery export. Analyze an attribute about a product or service sold on your online store. Custom dimensions and metrics allow you to combine GA4 data with non-GA4 data, such as CRM data. Any time you use an item-scoped. What that means more data in e-commerce reports. Analyze an attribute about an event, such as the value of the event or whether the intended action was completed successfully. here is how to unnest these fields and use them in your queries and reports. If you use manual tagging and auto tagging together, then the source, medium, and other traffic-classification dimensions use the auto-tagged values. Point & Counterpoint: Why you should give GA4 a chance July 21, 2022. . Create dimensions and metrics from event parameters and user properties so you can easily access data in reports and explorationsCustom dimensions andCustom Dimensions may be used to track any data point. I currently have a user-defined variable in GTM that gets the GA Session ID from the cookies. Learn about the Google Analytics 4 dimensions and metrics that appear in your reports, explorations, and in the audience and segment builders. On July 20, 2023, Google announced an expansion of e-commerce measurement capabilities in GA4, adding 33 new dimensions and metrics related to the e-commerce custom report builder. Measure anything that isn't captured in GA4's default metrics and dimensions. Item-scoped parameters added to GA4 export schema. Value: Type: NUMBER. A/B testing total revenue from variance_square computation. Included in the event is an items array, which provides information about the event as well; specifically, the items array describes the purchased items. Click Mark as NPA (no personalized ads). Discover the different types of ecommerce metrics and how you can use the different types to see your ecommerce dataGoogle Analytics offers two types of ecommerce. 10 per property. Event-scoped custom dimensions. You must set up ecommerce events to populate ecommerce metrics. A custom dimension that has event scope is called an event-scoped. For example, you can get: To set up a custom dimension in GA4, you need to first set up the event in Google Tag Manager (GTM) or send it directly to GA4. the 1 in dimension1) in the first field, and then an item parameter name in the second. Item-scoped custom dimensions currently do not appear in the Realtime report or DebugView. 2. The process looks like this:* First, you have to send a user property to GA4 (e. Custom dimensions are specified in an API report request by the dimension's parameter name and scope. You can send one or more item IDs with your events. Item-scoped custom dimensions currently do not appear in the Realtime report or DebugView. Defined based on a custom event parameter. Traffic-source dimensions provide information about where your traffic originates from, the methods by which users arrive on your website or app, and the specific marketing efforts you use to drive thSTEP 2: SET UP CUSTOM DIMENSIONS IN GOOGLE ANALYTICS ADMIN. Why we care. The scope is like the rules of the game. If you have an event-scoped custom dimension (sometimes referred to as “hit-scoped”), that means that every time an event happens on your client’s website or app, your custom dimension is collected and included in the report. There are three types of scopes: Event, User, and Item. The other two are item-scoped dimensions, which is clear by their description. item category), which means you’ll be able to create the same configuration you had in UA. The process of creating. 25. Item-scoped metrics provide a count of the number of items that. Next, add the newly created parameters as dimensions and event count as metrics, in the report configuration. This GTM Variable can also map Item Parameters to Product Scoped Dimensions & Metrics, and configure a Enhanced Ecommerce Checkout based on your GA4 Ecommerce implementation. And Google Tag Manager is set up to send the dimension to GA4 on page load. 1. Item-scoped parameters describe the items involved in the eCommerce event with details such as name and price. If you want to reinclude an event or user-scoped custom definition: In Admin, under Data display, click either Events or Custom definitions. GA4 does not have hit and session scopes – hit was replaced by the event scope and there is no session scope. For example, while Google Analytics records when a user views a page, you may want to know when a user makes a donation, interacts with a new feature, lands on a confirmation page, or renames a file. Item-scoped custom dimensions. 1. Item-data import can bring your entire product catalog into Analytics, letting you measure uLearn about the Google Analytics 4 dimensions and metrics that appear in your reports, explorations, and in the audience segment builders. Learn how to configure user-scoped custom dimensions in GA4. 125 event-scoped custom dimensions per property. Item-scoped custom dimensions. the ga4 bigquery export schema can be. Item-scoped custom dimensions. In GA4, you can create up to 25 user-scoped custom dimensions and up to 50 event-scoped custom dimensions per property. This GTM Variable creates either GA4 Events or GA4 Ecommerce Items based on the Enhanced Ecommerce Object or Google Tag Manager Variables. ” These are optional and can be used exactly the same way as product. 50 event-scoped custom dimensions per property. Notably, product-scoped custom dimensions are not mapped to the items array. In other words, a custom dimension that has an ‘event’ scope is called the event-scoped. [GA4] Custom dimensions and metrics; 3 of 19 [GA4] Archive dimensions and metrics; 4 of 19 [GA4] Collect data about. Google Analytics provides event-scoped and item-scoped metrics to help you measure interactions with products or services on your website or app. You must set up ecommerce events to populate ecommerce metrics. For example, you can analyze the color, size, rating, or status of a product. Defined based on a custom event parameter within an items array. Analyze an attribute about a product or service sold on your online store. Item-scoped custom dimensions are related to products or items on eCommerce platforms. The list of products purchased. Analyze an attribute about a product or service sold on your online store. Google Analytics 4 (GA4) is a marketing tool all marketers should be using. 99, quantity: 1}]}}); In other GTM templates, the datalayer is supported so we can use a datalayer variable to retreive data like this “ecommerce. You can create a custom dimension in GA4 with one of the following scopes: ‘event’, ‘user’ or ‘item’:. CRM data. Schema key: lists the key dimensions or metrics. Here are the item-scoped metrics provided by GA4: Gross Item Revenue: Indicates only the total revenue from items, excluding tax and shipping. Event Scoped Custom Dimensions in GA4 –. Attribution dimensions will still be compatible with attributable. Item-data import works by using the Item ID dimension as a key. The user properties to send to Google Analytics 4. Doing so may result in inconsistent reporting data. This set of dimensions is integral for conducting e-commerce analysis. You can have 25 user-scoped custom dimensions and 10 item-scoped custom dimensions. However, what it has done has introduced the idea of item-scoped data. Session-scoped dimensions. Item-data import can bring your entire product catalog into Analytics, letting you measure uBartosz Ferenc posted images on LinkedInDo not upload a file that includes duplicate keys. In October 2020, Analytics replaced Custom-parameter reporting with Event-scoped custom dimensions and metrics reporting. Google Analytics provides event-scoped and item-scoped metrics to help you measure interactions with products or services on your website or app. As you already know, the Universal Analytics version focuses on sessions and pageviews and is based on tracking the data around. In Admin, under Data display, click Custom. Item-scoped custom dimensions. Currency. These dimensions always include the prefix "Session," as in the Session source dimension (which shows you the most common sources for new sessions). Item scoped custom dimensions in GA4 - so when adding them to a product, they go to the Parameters field for each eCommerce event tag (add_to_cart, view_item etc. Length of event parameter value:. 0. Quota information for custom dimensions. This allows you to analyze information about your products or services and separately analyze important ecommerce interactions. Custom dimensions can have event scope, user scope or item scope. In the GA4 property, you just have to send an event parameter along with an event. It tells GA4 when and where to track the dimension or metric. This article describes the dimensions andGA4 Custom dimensions vs Universal Analytics Custom dimensions. For example, in Shoes/Mens/Nike,. Item-scoped custom dimensions. g add_to_wishlist) I've tried and it doesn't seem to show up in the GA4 debugger. The item category dimensions (1 to 5) allow businesses to classify items based on their hierarchical categories. (e. . This reporting feature corresponds very closely with hit-scope custom dimensions in Google Analytics Universal. Discover the different types of ecommerce metrics and how you can use the different types to see your ecommerce dataGoogle Analytics offers two types of ecommerce. Item-data import is used to widen item-scoped. By implementing custom dimensions through GTM and configuring them in your GA4 property, you can customize your GA4 property and reports. g add_to_wishlist) I've tried and it doesn't seem to show up in the GA4 debugger. UA to GA4 Migration - Can we use the same GTM container used for UA. This article describes the dimensions andDiscover more about the Google Analytics 4 dimensions and metrics that appear in your reports, explorations, and in the audience segment builders. In Universal Analytics, a custom metric can have anyone of the following two scopes: Hit; Product; Whereas in GA4, a custom metric can have only one scope and that is event scope. However, this wasn't available in BigQuery. Any time you use an item-scoped dimension, you must select an item-scoped metric rather than the equivalent event-scoped metric. Click Unmark as NPA. GA4 - Item Scoped Custom Dimensions Via GTM GA4 Event Tag? 2. Create dimensions and metrics from event parameters and user properties so you can easily access data in reports and explorationsCustom dimensions andClick the Create custom dimensions blue button and create an event-scoped custom dimension by entering the dimension name and event parameter. 50. Then, in the GA4 interface, go to “Configure” and click on “Custom definitions. The monetary value of the event. 0 Custom event GA4 - Event parameter key is missing. Otherwise user scoped reports are first touch and other metrics are last. GA's real-time reports don't include all dimensions, especially if those dimensions are involved in advanced metrics/dimensions calculations. Item-data import is used to widen item-scoped metadata within ecommerce events. Differences between Metrics in GA4 and Universal Analytics. This article contains a query that you can use to create a custom item / product ecommerce performance report, based on your Google Analytics 4 export data in BigQuery. Click Mark as NPA (no personalized ads). Item-scoped custom dimensions. Let's start with the good news: custom item-scoped parameters (custom. GA4 (Google Analytics 4) Metrics Tutorial with Free Google Analytics 4 Ebook. . Event-scoped custom dimensions. . Populate this metric with the purchase event. Create dimensions and metrics from event parameters and user properties so you can easily access data in reports and explorationsCustom dimensions and metrics are. You can now collect more information about items on your website/app. I can see all parameter in GTM Preview. Products * Type: OBJECT. ; An item-scoped metric counts the number of times users interacted with items in an ecommerce event. Event-scoped custom dimensions. Scope: the scope determines which events will be associated with the import-dimension values. liquid and on custom script for ecommerce tracking on checkout -> additional scripts which was included above. You must set up ecommerce events to populate ecommerce metrics. So, how do you add custom dimensions in Google Analytics? It depends a bit on which type of dimension you’re creating (event-scoped, user-scoped, or item-scoped).